viii.
Chapter IV. Influence of pope in America .	.	.
(a) In poetic diction - (b) in metre.
117
Chapter V. Influence in phraseology and Thought
(a)	"Essay on Man" - "pastorale* and "Windsor Forest" - "Iliad and Odyssey" -"Messiah" - The Mock-heroic Poem in America -Inflaenoe of "Dundiad" - "Satires" - "Moral Essays" - "Eloise to Abelard" - "Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady" - "Epitaphs" - "Essay on Criticism" - "Prologue to Cato" - "Universal prayer" - "Dying Christian to his Soul" - "Temple of Fame" -"Rape of the Lock" - "Epistle to MT. Jervas" -"Ode on Solitude".
(b)	Unclassified poems showing the influence of Pope.
(c)	Parodies.
156
Appendix to Chapter V.........................  .
Ways in which portions of Pope's Works were used by American writers. (1) &ith a slight alteration. (8) As mottoes to and illustrations in prose articles.
(3)	On title-pages, in prefaces and introductions. (4) In sermons and addresses
555
Chapter VI. (a) Popa in American Criticism (b) Decline of his Influence, (c) The "Byron-Bowles" Controversy in America.
688
Chapter VII. Conclusion
POSS ABD HIS INFLUENCE IN AMERICA
FROM 1713 - 1850.
Eva Restrict Dyke*
A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for th* Degree of Doctor of Fhiloeophy
Radcliffe College
1830
PREFACE
"Th* footprint* of pop* ar* not those of a giant bat h* ha* loft them scattered all over th* field of oar literature, although the faeion of writing li^ hi* ha* wholly passed away.*! To point oat in detail the traces of these footsteps, sometimes deep and sometimes very faint is the par-pose of the present study. Rome histories of American literature oall attention to the influence of Popo on a few American poets, but no where io this inflaonoo dwelt upon in detail. It is our intention not only to go further, showing minutely Popo's influence on American poetry in metre, poetic diction and phraseology, but also to descend from the beacon-lights (if wo may call them such) of our early literature to the unknown authors whoso works are of the greatest importance for a study of the present kind, not because they constitute American literature, but because they are valuable documents for showing the vogue of Popo on this side of the water.
Thore are always many difficulties connected
1.	Works, od. by P. Godwin, Vol. V. p. 16*.
with * subject thAt Attempt* to show th* influence of one person on Another or others end these difficulties arc Augmented in the present case because of lack of knowledge concerning our early poets. Many poems were published anonymously. Of others we know nothing more than the name of the author. Documents such as diaries, letters or biographies that might bring us into close touch with the author, hie literary habits and his reading in the majority of oases do not exist. In some instances, we have evidence that a poet knew Pope by a statement in the Preface* or by a footnote or by a quotation. And at other times, we have only as a guide the internal evidence of the poem itself. Therefore, it is almost an impossibility to tell whether the influence of Pope was direct or indirect and until the matter is clearer, let us be content with the facts as we find then.
Tor the preparation of this work I wish to express my indebtedness to the Boston Public Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, library of Congress, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, The Maryland Historical Society, and particularly to Mr. Walter B. Briggs of Widener Library and Miss Dorothy Hopkins Of the Radcliffe College library for thsi* kindness
ill
in facilitating th* difficulties of research work, for the kindly interest and helpful suggestions of Professor J. L. Lowes under whose guidance the present study has boon undertaken, I express my sincere thanks.
vii.
CONTENTS
Chapter I. Characteristics of Popo.................. 1
Tendencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth century - Interest in philosophy, satire, criticism, translation - Reaction against the "metaphysical* poets - An Age of prose - a "psoRdo-olaseical" age of Reason and Intellect - Pope the embodiment of the characteristics of his age - Complimentary stylo of the "Epitaphs" - pope's poetic diction - periphrasis - Treatment of the Bible and Homer - Typos of vorso-forms employed by him
Chapter II. Popo's Influence in England and on the Continent. ......................................79
Reasons for his popularity - Influence in England - In Germany - In franco -In Italy - Interest for Popo in Spain, Hungary, Poland and Russia.
Chapter III. Evidence of pope's Vogue in
America.................... .	.	.	.	94
American literature before the eighteenth century, religious and didactic -Secularisation of poetry with the Entrance of Popo and Dryden into America - Moans by which Pope was accessible to the colonies (a) Quotations in newspapers, magazines and almanacs, (b) Importation of his works, (c) Travellers between England and America, (d) private libraries containing his works, (o) Personal acquaintance of some of the colonists with Popo - Panegyrical versos addressed to Pope by American poets - Other evidences of his popularity in America
POPE AND HI B INFLUENCE IN AMERICA
PROM 1713 - I860,
Eva Beatrice Dyke*
A DiBoertation
anbmitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement* for the Degree of Doctor of Phlloeophy
Radcliffe College
1980
*y
PREFACE
"Th* footprint* of Pop* ar* not thoao of * giant but h* ha* loft thorn aoattered all ovor tho field of oar literature, although tho faaion of writing li^ him haa wholly passed away."^ To point out in detail th* traooa of thoao yootatopa, aomotimoa deep and aomotimoa vary faint ia tho pur-poao of th* preaent atudy. Bom* hiatorioa of American literature call attention to the influonce of Popo on a few American poeta, but no where ia thia influence dwelt upon in detail, it ia our intention not only to go further, ahowing minutely Popo'a influence on American poetry in metre, poetic diction and phraseology, but aleo to doecond from tho beaoon-lighta (if we may call them each) of our early literature to the unknown authors whose works are of the greatest importance for a atudy of tho preaent kind, not because they constitute American literature, but because they are valuable documents for showing the vogue of Pope on thia side of the water.
There ar* always many difficulties connected
1. Works, od. by P. Godwin, Wal. T, p. Id*.
with * subject that attempt* to *how the influence of one person on another or others and these difficulties are augmented in the present case because of lack of knowledge concerning our early poets. Many poems wore published anonymously. Of others we know nothing more than the name of the author. Documents euoh as diaries, letters or biographies that might bring us into close touch with the author, hie literary habits and his reading in the majority of oases do not exist. In some instances, we hare evidence that a poet know Popo by a statement in the Preface, or by a footnote or by a quotation. And at other tinea, we have only as a guide the internal evidence of the poem itself. Therefore, it is almost an impossibility to tell whether the influence of Pope was direct or indirect and until the matter is clearer, let us be content with the facts as we find them.
For the preparation of this work I wish to express my indebtedness to the Boston Public Library, the Massachusetts Historical Society, library of Congress, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, The Maryland Historical Society, and particularly to MT. Walter B. Briggs of Widener Library and Mise Dorothy Hopkins pf the Radcliffe College Library for theiW kindness
ill
in facilitating the difficulties of research work.
For the kindly interest and helpful suggestions of Professor J. L. Lowes under whose guidance the present study has been undertaken, I express my sincere
vii.
CONTENTS
Chapter I, Characteristics of tope. .	.	.	.	1
Tendencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth century - Interest in philosophy, satire, criticism, translation - Reaction againat the "metaphysical" poets - An Age of prose - a "pseudo-claseioal" age of Reason and Intellect - Pope the embodiment of the characteristics of his age - Complimentary style of the "Epitaphs* - pope's poetic diction - periphrasis - Treatment of the Bible and Homer - Types of verse-forms employed by him
Chapter II. Pope's Influence in England and on the Continent. .	.	................79
Reasons for his popularity - Influ-
ence in England - In Germany - In francs -In Italy - Interest for Pope in Spain, Hungary, Poland and Russia.
Chapter III. Evidence of Pope's Vogue in
America. .	.	.	...................94
American literature before the eighteenth century, religious and didactic -Secularisation of poetry with the entrance of pope and Dryden into America - Means by which Pope was accessible to the colonies (a) Quotations in newspapers, magazines and almanacs, (b) Importation of his works, (o) Travellers between England and America, (d) Private libraries containing his works, (e) Personal acquaintance of some of the colonists with pope - Panegyrical verses addressed to Pope by American poets - Other evidences of his popularity in America
Till.
Chapter IV. Influence of pope in America .
(a) In poetic diction - (b) in metre.
117
Chapter V. Influence in Phraseology and Thought
(a)	"Rssay on Man" - "Pastorale" and "Windsor Forest" - "Iliad and Odyssey" -"Messiah" - The Mock-heroic Poem in America -Influence of "Dunoiad" - "Satires" - "Moral Essays" - "Eloise to Abelard" - "Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady" - "Epitaphs" - "Essay on Criticism" - "Prologue to Cato" - "Universal prayer" - "Dying Christian to his Soul" - "Temple of Fame" -"Rape of the Look" - "Epistle to Mr. Jervas" -"Ode on Solitude".
(b)	Unclassified poems showing the influence of Pope.
(c)	Parodies.
156
Appendix to Chapter V.............................
Ways in which portions of Pope's Works were used by American writers. (1) Aith a slight alteration. (2) As mottoes to and illustrations in prose articles.
(3) On title-pages, in prefaces and introductions. (4) In sermons and addresses
565
Chapter VI. (a) Pope in American Criticism (b) Decline of his Influence, (c) The "Byron-Bowles" Controversy in America.
588
Chapter VII. Conclusion